Lecture 6-7: Shannon's Theory of Secrecy
Ciphertext-only attack: Eve have access to c. Try to recover ... P(ωi) ≤ 1, ∑ n i=1 P(ωi)=1. The probability of an event E is given by. P(E) = ∑ ω∈E. P(ω). T. Johansson (Lund University). 5 / 37 ... Entropy. Definition. The entropy H(X) of a discrete random variable X is defined as. H(X) = −. ∑ x∈X. P(x) log P(x). The log is to ...
Statistics Formulas - Stat Trek
In the following formulas, X and Y are random variables, and a and b are constants. ... Binomial formula: P(X = x) = b(x; n, P) = nCx * P * (1 - P) = nCx * P * Q · Mean of binomial distribution = μx = n * P · Variance of binomial distribution = σx = n * P * ( 1 - P ) · Negative .... nh = n * [ ( Nh * σh ) / sqrt( ch ) ] / [ Σ ( Ni * σi ) / sqrt( ci ) ] ...
One-step synthesis and XPS investigations of chiral NHC–Au(0)/Au(i ...
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses reveal the presence of Au(I) and Au(0 ) in all NHC stabilised AuNPs. In contrast, measured ... Scheme 1 Synthesis of complex 2(L/D) and its reduction with (a) tBuNH3·BH3 in THF, and (b) NaBH4 in DCM/H2O. ..... A. Ferry , K. Schaepe , P. Tegeder , C. Richter , K. M. Chepiga , B. J. Ravoo and F. Glorius , ACS Catal., 2015, 5 , 5414 —5420 CrossRef CAS . P. Lara ...
Experimental and computational studies of Criegee intermediate ...
Experimental and computational studies of Criegee intermediate reactions with NH3 and CH3NH2† ..... The slope of a linear fit to the variation of kp with co- reactant NH3 concentration shown in the inset of Fig. 1 gives the rate ..... 9 compares the rate coefficients of these reactions to the energies required to break the X–H bonds (X = S, O, N) in various co-reactants (H-SH, H-OCH3, H-NH 2 and H-OH).
Primary α-tertiary amine synthesis via α-C–H functionalization ...
Graphical abstract: Primary α-tertiary amine synthesis via α-C–H functionalization .... To this end, methyl (32), n-butyl (33), s-butyl (34), and t-butyl (35) alkyl groups were installed using their .... (b) Q.-F. Wu , P.-X. Shen , J. He , X.-B. Wang , F. Zhang , Q. Shao , R.-Y. Zhu , C. Mapelli , J. X. Qiao , M. A. Poss and J.-Q. Yu ...
Heterocycle Synthesis via Direct C–H/N–H Coupling | Journal of the ...
29 Dec 2011 ... A method for five- and six-membered heterocycle formation by palladium- catalyzed C–H/N–H coupling is presented. The method employs a picolinamide .... Sailu Munnuri, Adeniyi Michael Adebesin, Mahesh P. Paudyal, Muhammed Yousufuddin, Alfonso Dalipe, and John R. Falck . ...... Construction of N- containing heterocycles via oxidative intramolecular N–H/X–H coupling. Chemical ...
Rhodium-Catalyzed Directed C–H Cyanation of Arenes with N ...
3 Jul 2013 ... Rhodium-Catalyzed Directed C–H Cyanation of Arenes with N-Cyano-N-phenyl- p-toluenesulfonamide. Tian-Jun ..... Asian Journal of Organic Chemistry 2018, 7 ( 3) , 550-553. .... The Construction of X-CN (X=N, S, O) Bonds.
Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds - Chemistry 2e - OpenStax
14 Feb 2019 ... The bond energy for a diatomic molecule, DX–Y, is defined as the standard enthalpy change for the endothermic reaction: ... For example, the sum of the four C–H bond energies in CH4, 1660 kJ, is equal to the standard enthalpy change of the reaction: A reaction is ... H–P, 320, N≡N, 946, Si–Br, 290. H– ...
Antiferroelectric Nature of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3−x Cl x Perovskite and Its ...
29 Jul 2016 ... The ferroelectrics of CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite can be confirmed from its P-E hysteresis loops (Fig. 2a). It shows a remnant polarization, Pr, of about 1.0 μC/cm 2 and a coercive field, Ec, of about 2.2 kV/cm after applying an ...
石炭の基礎 - JCOAL 一般財団法人 石炭エネルギーセンター
2013年1月22日 ... 物等；燃焼後に灰となる）を含む常温で固体の有機物（C,H,O,N,S主体)である。 ..... illio n. TOE. ) 400.0 s(B illio n. TO. E. Ntural gas. 200.0. -). Coal. 2.00. P ro d u c tio n. ( B. 200.0. 300.0 v ed res erv e ..... t). Major trade movement of coal. (Million tonnes ). Russia. 76.6. C d. 10 2. 101.4. 600. 800 x porte. d c oa l (M.